The rise of psychoanalysis in US hospitals: William Alanson White at St. Elizabeths, 1903-1937 / El auge del psicoanálisis en los hospitales de EEUU: William Alanson White en St. Elizabeths, 1903-1937

Abstract William Alanson White's views on the function and conceptualization of psychoanalysis shaped the practice of the analytic method in the hospital setting in the United States. Here I explore White's original work and maintain that his understanding of transference, the unconscious, symbolism, language, and defense mechanisms were rooted in both traditional intrapsychic and individualistically oriented conceptions and influenced by his orientation toward social psychiatry. In line with Progressive Era ideals, White considered the new science of psychoanalysis important for healing both the individual as well as society; this mutual influence helped shape the evolution of psychoanalytic principles and informed the treatment of patients undergoing psychoanalysis at St. Elizabeths Hospital.

Resumen Las opiniones de William Alanson White sobre la función y la conceptualización del psicoanálisis dieron forma a la práctica del método analítico en el ámbito hospitalario de los EEUU. Aquí exploro el trabajo original de White y sostengo que su comprensión de la transferencia, el inconsciente, el simbolismo, el lenguaje y los mecanismos de defensa estaban enraizados tanto en las concepciones intrapsíquicas tradicionales como en las de orientación individualista e influenciadas por su orientación hacia la psiquiatría social. Conforme con los ideales de la Era Progresista, White consideró que la nueva ciencia del psicoanálisis era importante para curar tanto al individuo como a la sociedad; esta influencia mutua ayudó a dar forma a la evolución de los principios psicoanalíticos y mostró el tratamiento de los pacientes sometidos a psicoanálisis en el Hospital St. Elizabeths.

La concepción de la locura en el mundo aymara / The conception of madness in the yymara world / A concepção de loucura no mundo aymara

Los principios del pensamiento complejo que contempla la investigación consisten en enlazar, tejer conceptualmente y entablar diálogos de saberes a través de un recorrido histórico que permite una aproximación de la vida psíquica y la concepción aymara de la locura. Estos son transmitidos por discursos, mitos y ritos. Las investigaciones respecto a la locura privilegian estudios referidos a la medicina occidental, dejando de lado aspectos que aún perviven en el imaginario de los pueblos. Para esta investigación se utilizó el método etnológico y complementariamente el método analítico-interpretativo, junto al análisis de discurso y el método genealógico

The research works with the principles of complex thinking by linking and conceptually weaving them towards the establishment of dialogues of knowledge through an historical journey that allows an aproximation between psychic life and the Aymara conception of madness. The same dialogues of knowledge that are passed down by discurses, myths and rites. The research on insanity usually priviledges Western medicine studies, leaving aside aspects that still survive in people's mind and collective thinking. Both the ethnological method and the analytical-interpretive method were used in the development of the present reseach, as well as discourse analysis and the genealogical method.

Os princípios do pensamento complexo que a pesquisa contempla consistem em vincular, tecer conceitualmente, estabelecer um diálogo de saberes por meio de um percurso histórico que permite uma aproximação da vida psíquica e da concepção aimará de loucura, transmitida por discursos, mitos e ritos, As pesquisas sobre a loucura privilegiam os estudos relacionados à medicina ocidental, deixando de lado aspectos que ainda sobrevivem no imaginário dos povos. Utilizou-se o método etnológico e, adicionalmente, o método analítico-interpretativo, a análise do discurso e o método genealógico.

A loucura em movimento: representação social e loucura na imprensa escrita / Madness in motion: social representation and madness in the written press / Locura en movimiento: la representación social y la locura en la prensa escrita

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir as possíveis transformações das representações sociais sobre a loucura que circulam em um jornal impresso brasileiro, tomando como marco a Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileira. Foram analisadas 1.385 matérias publicadas em formato eletrônico no período de janeiro de 1978 a dezembro de 2015, que tinham como tema central a loucura. As matérias foram analisadas por meio do software IRAMUTEQ, a partir de três corpora, cada um dos quais foi analisado separadamente e gerou um dendrograma de Classificação Hierárquica Descendente. A análise dos resultados nos permitiu verificar os movimentos de mudança e resistência das representações sociais ao longo do tempo. Os diversos nomes atribuídos à figura do louco sofreram mudanças no período analisado, de forma que algumas categorias foram mais suavizadas do que outras. Destaca-se a dinâmica social que levou a uma mudança e a forma como essa mudança foi incorporada, reorganizada e ressignificada sem provocar ruptura. Do ponto de vista metodológico, os dados dessa pesquisa nos chamam a atenção para as escolhas de descritores realizadas no percurso do trabalho e as consequências dessas escolhas nos resultados obtidos.(AU)

Abstract Based on the Brazilian Psychiatric Reform, this work aims to discuss possible transformations in the social representations of madness in a Brazilian printed newspaper. To this end, 1.385 media articles addressing the theme of madness published in electronic format from January 1978 to December 2015 were separately analyzed using three corpora with the support of IRAMUTEQ software, generating three dendrograms of different hierarchical classification. The results allow us to verify the changes and resistance movements of the social representations over time. Throughout the analyzed period, the several names attributed to the figure of the madman have undergone changes, with some categories having been softened more than others. This work highlights the social dynamics driving a change and the means through which it is incorporated, reorganized, and reframed without causing a rupture. From a methodological point of view, this research data call attention to the choices of descriptors and their consequences on the obtained results.(AU)

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es discutir las posibles transformaciones en las representaciones sociales que circulan en un periódico impreso brasileño sobre la locura, tomando como marco la Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileña. Se analizaron 1.385 materias publicadas electrónicamente en el período de enero de 1978 a diciembre de 2015, cuyo tema central fue la locura. Las materias fueron analizadas con el apoyo del software Iramuteq a partir de tres corpus, analizados separadamente, lo que generó tres dendrogramas de la Clasificación Jerárquica Descendente. El análisis de los resultados nos permitió verificar los movimientos de cambio y resistencia de las representaciones sociales a lo largo del tiempo. Los distintos nombres atribuidos a la figura del loco a lo largo de los años han sufrido cambios, habiéndose suavizado algunas categorías más que otras. Se señalan las dinámicas sociales que propiciaron el cambio y la forma en que ese cambio se está incorporando, reorganizando y reformulando sin provocar una ruptura. Desde un punto de vista metodológico, los datos de esta investigación llaman nuestra atención sobre las elecciones de descriptores realizadas en el curso del trabajo y las consecuencias de estas elecciones sobre los resultados obtenidos.(AU)

Perfil de pacientes atendidos por tentativa de suicídio em um Hospital Geral de Emergências do estado de Alagoas, Brasil / Profile of patients treated for attempted suicide at a General Emergency Hospital in the state of Alagoas, Brazil

RESUMO Objetivo: Apresentar o perfil dos pacientes atendidos por tentativas de suicídio atendidas pelo Hospital Geral Dr. Oswaldo Brandão Vilela (HGE) da cidade de Maceió, Alagoas, Brasil. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo do tipo documental, descritivo e retrospectivo com abordagem quantitativa. A amostra da pesquisa foi todo o universo de pacientes atendidos e diagnosticados por tentativa de suicídio no HGE no período de 2015 a 2017. Resultados:A amostra investigada foi constituída de 824 usuários, 50,1% dos pacientes tem a faixa etária entre 15 a 29 anos e 63% são do sexo feminino, 82,1% utilizou o meio de envenenamento, desses, 58,9% utilizou o agente medica-mento. Conclusão: De 2015 a 2017 a distribuição de ocorrências por atendimentos de suicídio cresceu ao longo dos anos entre os jovens. Infere-se que são necessárias ações que permitam e incentivem a prevenção desse dano à população (AU)

ABSTRACT Objective: Presenting the profile of patients treated for suicide attempts at the Oswaldo Brandão Vilela General Hospital (HGE) in the city of Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil. Methods: This is a documentary, descriptive, and retrospective study with a quantitative approach. The research sample was the entire universe of patients assisted and diagnosed at the HGE for suicide in the period from 2015 to 2017. Results: The sample investigated consisted of 824 users, 50.1% of the patients had the age range between 15 to 29 years and 63% are female, 82.1% used the means of poisoning, of these, 58.9% used the drug agent. Conclusion: From 2015 to 2017, the distribution of occurrences due to suicide calls increased among young people. It is inferred that actions are necessary that allow and encourage the prevention of this damage to the population (AU)

Mentalmente Sanos: una experiencia con enfoque comunitario / Mentalmente Sanos: an experience with a community approach

RESUMEN Debido a la necesidad de reformar la asistencia psiquiátrica y trascender de un modelo centrado en la asistencia clínica a un modelo más comunitario, surge Mentalmente Sanos como una iniciativa desde la academia bajo el convenio de docencia servicio entre la Universidad del Valle y la Red de Salud ESE Ladera. Este grupo de apoyo, conformado desde el 2009 por personas con discapacidad mental que participan de manera libre y voluntaria, funciona con el fin de promover procesos de inclusión social y habilidades sociales en vida cotidiana. Cuenta con la participación de estudiantes y docentes de terapia ocupacional, medicina y psiquiatría. Metodológicamente, es un espacio de construcción conjunta, se trabaja desde dos enfoques, el de las capacidades y el comunitario. Las actividades se planean y desarrollan semanalmente garantizando la participación de todos, teniendo en cuenta los intereses, inquietudes y capacidades. Mentalmente Sanos, además de posibilitar procesos de inclusión social y la puesta en marcha de un abordaje con la comunidad, se convierte en una oportunidad para reflexionar en torno a la construcción del sujeto desde un modelo social de la discapacidad y la importancia de la vinculación de los actores institucionales para garantizar la implementación de estrategias de atención comunitaria.(AU)

ABSTRACT Due to the need to transform psychiatric care and transcend from a model focused on clinical care towards a community model, Mentalmente Sanos (Mentally Healthy) emerges as an initiative from the academy under the teaching services agreement between the Universidad del Valle and the State Social Enterprises Health Network E.S.E Ladera. This support group, created in 2009 by people with mental disabilities who participate freely and voluntarily, promotes processes of social inclusion and social skills in everyday life. It convenes students and professors of Occupational therapy, Medicine and Psychiatry. Methodologically speaking, it is a space of joint construction based on the approach of the capacities and the community. Activities are planned and developed weekly ensuring the participation of all parties involved, taking into account their interests, concerns and capacities. Mentalmente Sanos, besides enabling social inclusion processes and the implementation of a community approach, is an opportunity to reflect on the construction of the individual from a social model of disability and the importance of linking institutional actors to ensure the implementation of community care strategies.(AU)

Socioeconomic and lifestyle factors associated with depressive tendencies in general Japanese men and women: NIPPON DATA2010

BACKGROUND@#The gender-specific characteristics of individuals at an increased risk of developing depression currently remain unclear despite a higher prevalence of depression in women than in men. This study clarified socioeconomic and lifestyle factors associated with an increased risk of subclinical depression in general Japanese men and women.@*METHODS@#Study participants were residents not receiving psychiatric treatments in 300 sites throughout Japan in 2010 (1152 men, 1529 women). Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) for socioeconomic factors and lifestyle factors were calculated using a logistic regression analysis.@*RESULTS@#Risk of depressive tendencies was significantly higher in men who were single and living alone (OR, 3.27; 95% CI, 1.56-6.88) than those married. The risk was significantly lower in women who were not working and aged ≥ 60 years (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.22-0.68) and higher in men who were not working and aged < 60 years (OR, 3.57; 95%CI, 1.31-9.72) compared with those who were working. Current smoking was also associated with a significantly increased risk of depressive tendencies in women (OR, 2.96; 95% CI, 1.68-5.22) but not in men.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Socioeconomic and lifestyle factors were associated with an increased risk of depressive tendencies in general Japanese. Related factors were different by sex.

Eugenesia y medicalización del crimen a inicios del siglo XX en Uruguay / Eugenics and medicalization of crime at the early 20 th century in Uruguay

Resumen El artículo analiza las relaciones entre eugenesia y medicalización del crimen en Uruguay hacia fines del siglo XIXy primeras tres décadas del siglo XX. La perspectiva adoptada parte de la consideración de la conversión del crimen y de otros comportamientos socialmente problemáticos en objeto de la medicina psiquiátrica como parte de procesos más amplios de gestión biopolítica de la vida social en contextos urbanos. En ese sentido, se examinan algunas peculiaridades del caso uruguayo en lo que concierne a las relaciones entre eugenesia y medicalización del crimen, destacándose la inexpresiva alusión al factor racial y la importancia superlativa atribuida a los «vicios sociales¼ y, en particular, al consumo de alcohol como elemento disgenésico y criminogénico susceptible de poner en riesgo la composición y calidad de la población.

Abstract The article analyzes the relationship between eugenics and medicalization of crime in Uruguay between the end of the 19th century and the first three decades of the 20th century. The perspective adopted starts from the consideration of the conversion of crime and other socially problematic behaviors in a psychiatric matter, as part of broader processes of biopolitical management of social life in urban contexts. In that sense, some peculiarities of the Uruguayan case are examined concerning the relationship between eugenics and medicalization of crime, standing out the inexpressive allusion to the racial factor and the extreme importance attributed to the "social addictions" and, in particular, to the alcohol consumption as a reproductive and criminogenic element susceptible to put at risk the composition and quality of the population.

Primary care consultation liaison and the rate of psychiatric hospitalizations: a countrywide study in Chile / Las consultorías de salud mental en atención primaria y la tasa de hospitalización psiquiátrica: estudio nacional en Chile / Consultoria em saúde mental na atenção primária e taxa de internação psiquiátrica: estudo nacional no Chile

ABSTRACT Objectives To assess the quality of consultation liaison across all primary health care centers in Chile, and its potential relationship with the psychiatric hospitalization rate. Methods We carried out a countrywide ecological cross-sectional study on 502 primary health centers in 275 municipalities (87.3% of total primary health centers in Chile) during 2009. We characterized the presence of consultation liaison using four criteria: availability, frequency, continuity of participants, and continuity across care levels. We also created a dichotomous variable called "optimal consultation liaison" for when all four criteria were met. A quasi-Poisson regression model was used to estimate the rate of hospitalization due to different psychiatric disorders, adjusting by population attributes. Results Of the primary health centers, 28.3% of them had had optimal consultation liaison during the preceding year, concentrated in the poorest and richest municipalities. Continuity of care was the criterion that was met least often (38.3%). The presence of optimal consultation liaison at the municipal level was associated with fewer psychiatric discharges, with the following incidence rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs): schizophrenia, 0.65 (95% CI: 0.49-0.85); other psychoses, 0.68 (95% CI: 0.52-0.89); and personality disorders, 0.66 (95% CI: 0. 49-0.89). Municipalities with optimal consultation liaison showed 2.44 fewer total psychiatric discharges per 10 000 inhabitants, although without reaching statistical significance (-0.85 to 5.70). Conclusions Using a nationally representative sample, we found that consultation liaison in primary care was associated with having fewer psychiatric hospitalizations. More studies are required to understand the role of each component of consultation liaison.

RESUMEN Objetivos Evaluar la calidad de las consultorías de salud mental en todos los centros de atención primaria de salud en Chile y su posible relación con la tasa de hospitalización psiquiátrica. Métodos Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal ecológico a nivel nacional sobre los 502 centros de atención primaria de salud en 275 municipios (87,3 % del total de los centros de atención primaria de salud en Chile) durante el 2009. Las consultorías de salud mental se caracterizaron por medio de cuatro criterios: disponibilidad, frecuencia, continuidad de los participantes y continuidad en los distintos niveles de atención. Además, se creó una variable dicótoma llamada "consultoría óptima" para cuando se cumplían los cuatro criterios. Se utilizó un cuasimodelo de regresión de Poisson para calcular la tasa de hospitalización a causa de distintos trastornos psiquiátricos, ajustada por los atributos de la población. Resultados De los centros de atención primaria de salud, el 28,3 % había presentado consultorías óptimas durante el año anterior, concentradas en los municipios más pobres y más ricos. La continuidad de la atención fue el criterio que se cumplió con menos frecuencia (38,3 %). La presencia de consultorías óptimas a nivel municipal estuvo asociada con menos altas médicas psiquiátricas, con la siguiente razón de tasa de incidencia e intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95 %: esquizofrenia, 0,65 (IC del 95%: 0,49-0,85); otras psicosis, 0,68 (IC del 95%: 0,52-0,89); y trastornos de la personalidad, 0,66 (IC del 95%: 0,49-0,89). Los municipios con consultorías óptimas registraron 2,44 menos altas médicas psiquiátricas totales por 10 000 habitantes, aunque sin alcanzar significación estadística (-0,85 a 5,70). Conclusiones Por medio de una muestra representativa a nivel nacional, encontramos que las consultorías de salud mental en centros de atención primaria de salud estaban asociadas con la disminución de hospitalizaciones psiquiátricas. Se requieren más estudios para comprender la función de cada componente de las consultorías de salud mental.

RESUMO Objetivos Avaliar a qualidade da consultoria em saúde mental nos centros de atenção primária à saúde e possível relação com a taxa de internação psiquiátrica. Métodos Um estudo de delineamento transversal ecológico foi conduzido em nível nacional em 502 centros de atenção primária à saúde (87,3% do número total no país) em 275 municípios no Chile em 2009. A prática de consultoria em saúde mental foi caracterizada de acordo com quatro critérios: disponibilidade, frequência, continuidade dos participantes e continuidade nos níveis de atenção. Também foi criada uma variável dicotômica, denominada "consultoria ideal", quando os quatro critérios eram satisfeitos. Foi usado um modelo de regressão de quase-Poisson para estimar a taxa de internação por diferentes transtornos psiquiátricos, ajustada segundo as características da população. Resultados Ao todo, 28,3% dos centros de atenção primária à saúde tiveram uma prática de consultoria ideal no ano anterior, concentrada nos municípios pertencentes aos quartis mais pobre e mais rico. A continuidade da atenção foi o critério satisfeito com menor frequência (38,3%). A prática de consultoria ideal ao nível de município foi associada a um número menor de altas psiquiátricas, com as seguintes razões de taxas de incidência e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC 95%): 0,65 para esquizofrenia (IC 95% 0.49-0.85); 0,68 para outras psicoses (IC 95% 0.52-0.89) e 0,66 para transtornos de personalidade (IC 95% 0.49-0.89). Os municípios com prática de consultoria ideal tiveram 2,44 menos altas psiquiátricas por 10 mil habitantes, embora não seja estatisticamente significativo (-0.85 a 5,70). Conclusões O estudo de uma amostra representativa da população nacional revelou que a consultoria em saúde mental na atenção primária esteve associada a um número menor de internações psiquiátricas. Outros estudos são necessários para entender o papel de cada componente da consultoria em saúde mental.

Una reflexión sobre la labor social en pacientes con trastorno antisocial de la personalidad / A Reflection on Social Work in Patients with Antisocial Personality Disorder / Uma reflexão sobre o trabalho social com pacientes vitimas do transtorno de personalidade anti-social

Introducción: El trastorno antisocial de la personalidad está vinculado a la clasificación de trastornos de la personalidad en la salud mental. Este diagnóstico se les otorga a personas que presenten rasgos de personalidad específicos e inflexibles que afectan su funcionalidad y en los que no se encuentra otra causa médica aparente. Existen diversos tratamientos posibles para estos pacientes y cuyo manejo debe ser individualizado según su edad y progresión de los rasgos de personalidad. Este trastorno genera un impacto adicional a la comunidad debido a su relación con conductas delictivas e inapropiadas de los pacientes con este diagnóstico, convirtiéndolo en un asunto de interés para la convivencia social. Objetivo: Reflexionar acerca del rol de la sociedad en la prevención, inclusión y manejo de pacientes con trastorno antisocial de la personalidad. Discusión: Conociendo las variables involucradas en el desarrollo de trastornos de personalidad como el antisocial, además del impacto social que genera la expresión de dichos síntomas en la comunidad, se hace necesario una intervención multidisciplinaria desde la sociedad y sectores públicos como salud y justicia a la hora de abordar estos pacientes, pues medidas como mejorar el ambiente que los rodea y el reconocimiento a temprana edad mejora los resultados en el tratamiento y podría disminuir la expresión de la misma, así como las consecuencias sociales producto de casos graves. Conclusiones: El trastorno antisocial de la personalidad es un diagnóstico psiquiátrico que involucra necesariamente al paciente y la comunidad. La concientización de esta patología en la sociedad podría dar herramientas para mejorar la prevención, diagnóstico y atención integral con resultados a nivel individual y social. [Herrera-Gómez AL. Una reflexión sobre la labor social en pacientes con trastorno antisocial de la personalidad. MedUNAB 2017-2018; 20(3): 368-373].

Introduction: The antisocial personality disorder is linked to the classification of personality disorders in mental health. This diagnosis is given to people who have specific and inflexible personality traits that affect their functionality and in which no other apparent medical cause is found. There are several possible treatments for these patients and their management must be individualized according to their age and the progression of their personality traits. This disorder generates an additional impact on the community due to its relationship with criminal and inappropriate behavior of patients with this diagnosis, making it a matter of interest for social coexistence. Objective:To reflect on the role of society in the prevention, inclusion and management of patients with antisocial personality disorder. Discussion: By knowing the variables involved in the development of personality disorders such as antisocial, besides the social impact generated by the expression of these symptoms in the community, it is necessary a multidisciplinary intervention from society and public sectors such as health and justice when dealing with these patients. Furthermore, if some measures are adopted such as improving the environment that surrounds patients and the recognition at an early age of this disorder, these measures could improve the results in the treatment and reduce the expression of itself, as well as the social consequences of serious cases of this disorder. Conclusions: The antisocial personality disorder is a psychiatric diagnosis that involves the patient and community. The awareness of this pathology in society could provide tools to improve prevention, diagnosis and comprehensive care with individual and social results. [Herrera-Gómez AL. A Reflection on Social Work in Patients with Antisocial Personality Disorder. MedUNAB 2017-2018; 20(3): 368-373].

Introdução: O transtorno de personalidade anti-social está vinculado à classificação de transtornos de personalidade em saúde mental. Este diagnóstico é dado a pessoas que possuem traços de personalidade específicos e inflexíveis que afetam sua funcionalidade e que não apresentam outra causa médica. Existem vários tratamentos possíveis para esses pacientes e seu cuidado deve ser individualizado de acordo com sua idade e à progressão dos traços de sua personalidade. Esta doença gera um impacto adicional na comunidade devido à sua relação com os comportamentos criminosos e inadequados dos pacientes com esse diagnóstico, tornando-se uma questão importante para a convivência social. Objetivo: Refletir sobre o papel da sociedade na prevenção, inclusão e tratamento de pacientes com transtorno de personalidade anti-social. Discussão: Conhecer as variáveis implicadas no desenvolvimento dos distúrbios da personalidade, identificada como anti-social, além do impacto social gerado pela expressão desses sintomas na comunidade, é necessária uma intervenção multidisciplinaria que envolva tanto a sociedade como os setores públicos, isto é: a saúde e a justiça no momento de abordar esses pacientes. Já que as medidas para melhorar o ambiente que os rodeia e o diagnostico a temprana idade, melhora os resultados no tratamento e pode reduzir a expressão do mesmo, bem como as conseqüências sociais dos casos graves. Conclusões: O transtorno de personalidade antissocial é um diagnóstico psiquiátrico que envolve necessariamente o paciente e a comunidade. A consciência desta patologia na sociedade poderia fornecer ferramentas para melhorar a prevenção, o diagnóstico e o atendimento integral, obtendo melhores resultados individuais e sociais. [Herrera-Gómez AL. Uma reflexão sobre o trabalho social com pacientes vitimas do transtorno de personalidade anti-social. MedUNAB 2017-2018; 20(3): 368-373].

O potencial terapêutico de uma oficina no território: autonomia e noção de pertença / El potencial terapéutico de un taller en el territorio: la autonomía y el sentido de pertinência / The therapeutic potential of a workshop in the territory: autonomy and sense of belonging

Objective: This study describes the therapeutic potential of a workshop in the territory for users of the Psychosocial Care Center and discuss the proposed therapy workshop and user interaction with the territory. Methods: Descriptive and exploratory research. The data resulted from participant observation and interviews as two coordinators. Thematic kind of content analysis was used for data processing. Results: As a result we obtained two thematic categories: Pool and the territory, and Benefits of a Pool Workshop. Conclusion: The workshop held in the territory allows the user to see himself/herself as part of it and also reframe the ways of living in that territory. The notion of belonging, social acceptance and citizenship are keys in building the social subject.

Objetivo: Descrever o potencial terapêutico de uma oficina no território para os usuários de saúde mental e discutir a proposta terapêutica da oficina e a interação dos usuários com o território. Método: Trata-se de estudo descritivo-exploratório. Os dados resultaram da observação participante e das entrevistas com os coordenadores, sendo utilizada a Análise de Conteúdo do tipo Temática para o tratamento dos dados. Resultados: Apresentaram-se duas categorias temáticas: Piscina e o território; e Os benefícios da Oficina de Piscina. Conclusão: A oficina realizada no território permite que o usuário se perceba parte dele e, ainda, ressignificar as formas de viver naquele território, bem como a noção de pertença, de aceitação social e cidadania que são fundamentais na construção do sujeito social.

Objetivo: El presente estudio describe el potencial terapéutico de un taller en el territorio, para los usuarios del Centro de Atención Psicosocial y discutir el taller de terapia propuesta y la interacción del usuario con el territorio. Método: La investigación descriptiva y exploratoria. Los datos de resultado de la observación participante y entrevistas como dos coordinadores. Tipo temático de análisis de contenido fue utilizado para el procesamiento de datos. Resultados: Como resultado se obtuvieron dos categorías temáticas: Piscina y el territorio; y Privilegios taller. El taller realizado en el territorio permite que el usuario se da cuenta parte de ella y también replantear las formas de vivir en ese territorio. Conclusión: La noción de pertenencia, aceptación social y la ciudadanía son clave en la construcción del sujeto social.

FAST (Fight Againststigma): A WASP/Sanofi collaborative model for improving mental health literacy

INTRODUCTION: According to WHO about 80% of people living with a severe mental disorder in Low-and-Middle-income countries (LAMICs) do not have access to appropriate healthcare. Low literacy regarding mental disorders is one of the main barriers that prevent access to mental healthcare, which leads to stigma, socio economic exclusion, suffering of people with mental disorders and forces families to hide their relatives rather than to direct them to the community healthcare centre. To address this issue mental health, stakeholders from more than 20 countries joined forces with the World Association of Social Psychiatry and Sanofi in the FAST program, based on 3 pillars: (1) Mental health literacy, (2) health care professionals training and (3) affordable quality medicines.OBJECTIVE: This research aimed or develop Information-Education-Communication materials to improve mental health literacy in LAMICs.METHODOLOGY: Workshops with participants from different sectors (public, academic, associative, private) were set up to develop generic documentsbased on the experienced derived from malaria awareness programs. Then, for each country, documents were revised and adapted by a local working group.RESULTS: A flip chart, an educational comic book, a leaflet, a poster and a brochure on schizophrenia were made available with versions adapted to the local specificities of (a) Sub - Saharan Africa (b) North Africa (c) Eastern Europe and (d) Latin America. The main message of the educational materials was that: mental disorders are like any other disease i.e. they can be treated and people with mental disorders are like any other person. The following specific topics where covered: frequency of mental disorders, symptoms recognition, cause of disease, where to seek help, stigma. Recommendations on how to use these materials were also available.CONCLUSION: Improving mental health literacy in developing countries calls for relevant materials. A rigorous evaluation of the impact of the FAST documents is now required.

Contribution of the FAST (fight against stigma) program to better training of primary health care providers in mental health

INTRODUCTION: Prevalence of mental disorders is high worldwide. In Low-and-Lower-Middle-income countries (LALMICs) mental illnesses are already the second cause of burden in DALYs. As psychiatrists are extremely rare in LALMICs, addressing this issue calls for shifting mental health to primary care and consequently, training first line health care providers would be the next challenge. Via the FAST program, the World Asssociation of Social Psychiatry (WASP), Sanofi, Ministries of Health, academics, patients/families association and NGOs have joined forces to improve access to mental health care in LALMICs. The program is based on 3 pillars: (1) Mental health literacy, (2) health care professionals (HCP) training and (3) affordable quality medicines. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to develop a training curriculum and a set of materials to train HCP that is easily adaptable to the singularity of the local environment.METHODOLOGY: (1) A master-2 public health student conducted the project; (2) two domains were selected in priority: schizophrenia and unipolar mood disorders; (3) two main targets were identified: general practitioners and nurses / community healthcare workers; (4) professional's needs were assessed through a phone questionnaire; (5) WASP experts were in charge of drafting slides kits and other technical documents (6) to avoid any risk of conflict of interest, it was decided that training on medications will be based on the WHO mhGAP guide.RESULTS: For each disease and each category of HCP (1) a training of trainers manual; (2) a training curriculum; (3) a slide kit; (4) a training brochure; (5) videos of patients; (6) role-play scenarios; (7) clinical cases (8) pre and post assessment questionnaires, were made available.CONCLUSION: First feed-back indicated that these tools were of great added value for countries with limited human resources, even though, as anticipated, they will have to be adapted locally, especially role-play scenarios, clinical cases and patient's videos.

FAST (Fight Against Stigma): A WASP/Sanofi collaborative model for improving mental health literacy

INTRODUCTION: According to WHO about 80% of people living with a severe mental disorder in Low-and-Middle-income countries (LAMICs) do not have access to appropriate healthcare. Low literacy regarding mental disorders is one of the main barriers that prevent access to mental healthcare, which leads to stigma, socio economic exclusion, suffering of people with mental disorders and forces families to hide their relatives rather than to direct them to the community healthcare centre. To address this issue mental health, stakeholders from more than 20 countries joined forces with the World Association of Social Psychiatry and Sanofi in the FAST program, based on 3 pillars: (1) Mental health literacy, (2) health care professionals training and (3) affordable quality medicines.OBJECTIVE: This research aimed or develop Information-Education-Communication materials to improve mental health literacy in LAMICs.METHODOLOGY: Workshops with participants from different sectors (public, academic, associative, private) were set up to develop generic documentsbased on the experienced derived from malaria awareness programs. Then, for each country, documents were revised and adapted by a local working group.RESULTS: A flip chart, an educational comic book, a leaflet, a poster and a brochure on schizophrenia were made available with versions adapted to the local specificities of (a) Sub - Saharan Africa (b) North Africa (c) Eastern Europe and (d) Latin America. The main message of the educational materials was that: mental disorders are like any other disease i.e. they can be treated and people with mental disorders are like any other person. The following specific topics where covered: frequency of mental disorders, symptoms recognition, cause of disease, where to seek help, stigma. Recommendations on how to use these materials were also available.CONCLUSION: Improving mental health literacy in developing countries calls for relevant materials. A rigorous evaluation of the impact of the FAST documents is now required.

Contribution of the FAST (fight against stigma) program to better training of primary health care providers in mental health

INTRODUCTION: Prevalence of mental disorders is high worldwide. In Low-and-Lower-Middle-income countries (LALMICs) mental illnesses are already the second cause of burden in DALYs. As psychiatrists are extremely rare in LALMICs, addressing this issue calls for shifting mental health to primary care and consequently, training first line health care providers would be the next challenge. Via the FAST program, the World Asssociation of Social Psychiatry (WASP), Sanofi, Ministries of Health, academics, patients/families association and NGOs have joined forces to improve access to mental health care in LALMICs. The program is based on 3 pillars: (1) Mental health literacy, (2) health care professionals (HCP) training and (3) affordable quality medicines. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to develop a training curriculum and a set of materials to train HCP that is easily adaptable to the singularity of the local environment.METHODOLOGY: (1) A master-2 public health student conducted the project; (2) two domains were selected in priority: schizophrenia and unipolar mood disorders; (3) two main targets were identified: general practitioners and nurses / community healthcare workers; (4) professional's needs were assessed through a phone questionnaire; (5) WASP experts were in charge of drafting slides kits and other technical documents (6) to avoid any risk of conflict of interest, it was decided that training on medications will be based on the WHO mhGAP guide.RESULTS: For each disease and each category of HCP (1) a training of trainers manual; (2) a training curriculum; (3) a slide kit; (4) a training brochure; (5) videos of patients; (6) role-play scenarios; (7) clinical cases (8) pre and post assessment questionnaires, were made available.CONCLUSION: First feed-back indicated that these tools were of great added value for countries with limited human resources, even though, as anticipated, they will have to be adapted locally, especially role-play scenarios, clinical cases and patient's videos.

La psicología comunitaria en Indoafroiberoamérica: ¿promesa, realidad o sinrazón? / Community psychology in Indoafroiberoamérica: promise, reality or unreason?

En este escrito se busca caracterizar la situación política de algunos de los países progresistas que integran la CELAC (Comunidad de Estados Latinoamericanos y Caribeños) y la actual situación geopolítica mundial caracterizada por la voluntad de sojuzgamiento que manifiestan los países de la OTAN e Israel con respecto a este conjunto de naciones, sobre todo las que integran la UNASUR (Unión de Naciones Suramericanas). En este escenario y situación se reflexiona con relación a los y las facultativos de la psicologia comunitaria con respecto a los ejes ideológicos y éticos de sus prácticas profesionales, su definición de democracia, su conceptuación de libertad e igualdad ante la ley, su sentido de coherencia profesional.

This paper seeks to characterize the political situation in some of the progressive countries that integrate the CELAC (Latin American and Caribbean Community) and the current world geopolitical situation characterized by the willingness of subjugation that manifest the countries of NATO and Israel with regard to this set of Nations, above all those who integrates UNASUR (Union of South American Nations). In this situation and scenario we will reflect in relation to the practitioners of community psychology in relation to the ideological and ethical pillars of their internships, their definition of democracy, its conceptualization of freedom and equality before the law, their sense of professional coherence.

Community versus clinical cognitive-behavioral intervention in young-adult Spanish population with generalized social phobia / Intervención cognitivo-conductual comunitaria versus intervención clínica en jóvenes adultos españoles con fobia social generalizada

Ei objetivo del estudio es mejorar los resultados informados por las revisiones sobre el tratamiento de adultos con Fobia social generalizada. La muestra la integraron 91 participantes con Fobia social generalizada (EM: 19.90 años; DT: 1.05) asignados aleatoriamente a tres condiciones experimentales, evaluados antes y después del tratamiento, y a los 6, 12, y 24 meses en los grupos tratados. Los resultados muestran (a) la efectividad de la detección en el contexto comunitario versus la intervención clínica, en el corto y medio plazo, y (b) una mejora significativa de los efectos del tratamiento, frente a los de las revisiones de las intervenciones clínicas ad hoc, tanto en los abandonos como en las tasas de recuperación. Ello permite concluir que esta modalidad de aplicación del tratamiento cognitivo-conductual puede ser una estrategia complementaria a la convencional con la que mejorar los resultados actuales de la intervención psicológica en este trastorno.

The study investigates how to improve the results reported by the reviews on the effects of clinical interventions in adults with Generalized social phobia. The sample was composed of 91 participants (median age = 19.90 years, SD = 1.05) randomly assigned to three experimental conditions. The evaluations were conducted before and after treatment in all three groups and at 6-, 12-, and 24-month follow-up for the treatment groups. The results show (a) the effectiveness of the cognitive-behavioral strategy of detection and intervention, in a community context, versus clinical intervention both for the short and medium term; and (b) a significant improvement over the percentages of dropouts and of rates of complete recovery from the disorder. These findings allow us to conclude that the cognitive-behavioral strategy of detection and intervention, in a community context is shown to be a complementary intervention to the conventional and with high efficiency ratios.

Por uma prática libertadora: a psiquiátrica no território

A enfermagem psiquiátrica nasceu com a demanda da instituição psiquiátrica hospitalar, dentro do movimento de internação, perpassou pelo ambulatório e hospital dia e se reinventou com o nascimento e a expansão dos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial. Para tal, precisou-se transformar e adotar a complexidade da contemporaneidade e atuar em diferentes espaços e considerar as mudanças na forma de existir e sofrer das pessoas. A partir do Referencial Teórico Intuir Empático (OLIVEIRA, 2005), constituído pelos constructos teóricos: escuta qualificada, empatia, prontidão para cuidar, cuidado pós-demanda, esperançar e tempo, foi proposto incluir outros elementos relacionados ao fenômeno da inclusão do território na prática de enfermagem. Este estudo teve como objetivos: desenvolver, em parceria com as enfermeiras, um processo de construção do conceito de território para a clínica de Enfermagem Psiquiátrica inovadora a fim de sustentar o cuidado no CAPS III do município do Rio de Janeiro; e avaliar as mudanças na prática dos sujeitos da pesquisa refere nte ao cuidado psiquiátrico na perspectiva territorial. O caminho metodológico escolhido foi a Pesquisa Convergente-Assistencial pela oportunidade de construir junto com os atores sociais da enfermagem que atuam em Centro de Atenção Psicossocial, e moldurado pela abordagem psicossocial, constructos ligados à prática da enfermagem psiquiátrica no território...

Psychiatric Nursing was born with the demand of hospital psychiatric ward, within themovement hospitalization, pervaded the clinic and hospital day and reinvented itselfwith the birth and expansion of mental health services. For such, it had to betransformed and adopt the complexity of contemporary and act in different spaces andconsider changes in the way of living and suffering people. From the Theoretical IntuitEmphatic (OLIVEIRA, 2005), consisting of theoretical constructs: qualified listening,empathy, readiness to take care, after-care demand, and to hopes and time, it wasproposed to include other elements related to the phenomenon include the territory inpractice nursing. This study aimed to: develop, in partnership with the nurses, aconstruction process the concept of territory for innovative psychiatric nursing tosupport clinical care in CAPS III in the city of Rio de Janeiro; and evaluate changes inthe practice of the research subjects related to psychiatric care in the territorialperspective. The methodological approach chosen was the Convergent Care Researchfor the opportunity to build with social actors of nursing who works in psychosocialcare center, framed by the psychosocial approach, constructs linked to the practice ofpsychiatric nursing in the territory...

Psychiatric Nursing was born with the demand of hospital psychiatric ward, within themovement hospitalization, pervaded the clinic and hospital day and reinvented itselfwith the birth and expansion of mental health services. For such, it had to betransformed and adopt the complexity of contemporary and act in different spaces andconsider changes in the way of living and suffering people. From the Theoretical IntuitEmphatic (OLIVEIRA, 2005), consisting of theoretical constructs: qualified listening,empathy, readiness to take care, after-care demand, and to hopes and time, it wasproposed to include other elements related to the phenomenon include the territory inpractice nursing. This study aimed to: develop, in partnership with the nurses, aconstruction process the concept of territory for innovative psychiatric nursing tosupport clinical care in CAPS III in the city of Rio de Janeiro; and evaluate changes inthe practice of the research subjects related to psychiatric care in the territorialperspective. The methodological approach chosen was the Convergent Care Researchfor the opportunity to build with social actors of nursing who works in psychosocialcare center, framed by the psychosocial approach, constructs linked to the practice ofpsychiatric nursing in the territory...

Task and Preparation of Psychiatric Field for Korean Reunification / 신경정신의학

For improving mental health of the future unified Korea, proper preparation would be necessary in the fields of clinical, social, and cultural psychiatry. Clinically, a diagnostic and treatment system for mental illness should be re-established after Korean unification. There should also be specific preparation for suicides, trauma- or stress-related disorders, somatizations, substance abuse, and childhood psychiatric problems which are expected to rapidly increase in North Korean areas after the unification. In the field of social psychiatry, de-stigmatization and de-institutionalization of those with mental illness would be important after the unification. Education of mental health professionals in North Korean areas would also be crucial. Culturally, it would be necessary to expect the psychological change of both South and North Koreans.

La psiquiatría comunitaria en Cuba / Community psychiatry in Cuba

Se presenta el desarrollo de la psiquiatría comunitaria en Cuba, los factores que han contribuido a ello, y se propone cómo articular un nuevo paradigma basado en el modelo de atención comunitaria de salud mental, un modelo de organización de los servicios de salud mental más avanzado. Dicho modelo se materializa en los centros comunitarios de salud mental, con una base teórico y práctica que integra todos los aspectos que debe contemplar la atención integral al proceso salud-enfermedad, como forma de abordar este complejo sistema.

An overview is presented of the development of community psychiatry in Cuba and its contributing factors. A proposal is made about how to build a new paradigm based on the community primary health care model, a more advanced organization model for mental health services that takes shape in mental health community centers, based on a theoretical and practical foundation that integrates all the aspects of a comprehensive approach to the health-disease process as a way to deal with such a complex system.